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C00004 00004 5↓_FEEDBACK_↓*
C00007 00005 5↓_ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY_↓*
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C00022 00007 4↓_Experience_↓*
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↓_PSYCHODRAMA:_↓
Annotated Bibliography
and Feedback
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Merle E. Lenat
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Ed. 319
Advanced Group
Ken Blaker
June 2, 1975
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.EVERY HEADING(⊗7Merle Lenat⊗*, ⊗4Psychodrama: ⊗* ⊗7Bibliography and Feedback⊗*,⊗7{DATE}⊗*)
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⊗5↓_FEEDBACK_↓⊗*
I feel that I really fulfilled my contract which was to read for
thirty hours about Psychodrama to receive a grade of "A". Besides
reading about it I experienced one at Prometheus and I helped lead
one for a group meeting of 319. I really feel well versed in the
area now and I am going to use psychodrama often while I am counseling -
individually and in groups. It is quite effective and very powerful and,
therefore, scary for me to use on my own. I will have professional
observers watch me as I lead and give me feedback on my technique and style.
As for my experience in 319, I would like to comment. I enjoyed being
in the group and felt the best times were when we were a close "group"
that is when self disclosure was high and feedback and support was given
to the members of the group freely. However, this was not possible
at every session due to the demonstration of the techniques used in
different group settings. I felt that this was okay for me since I did
come to the class to learn about these different techniques and so I
appreciated them being demonstrated in our group. I know you are in a
bind, Ken, about this and I have a suggestion. Maybe next time you
could spend half the group meetings (the first half of the quarter) doing
things like the 219 group experience to get us to develop as a group. The
second half of the quarter could be used to demonstrate a few techniques
with emphasis still on group development. I bet the demonstration of
the techniques would be more meaningful when people feel close to each
other and trusting of the group. Thanks for allowing me to participate
in this experience. I found it very enriching and rewarding.
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⊗5↓_ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY_↓⊗*
⊗4↓_Articles_↓⊗*
1. Yablonsky, Lewis and Enneis, James, ⊗4Psychodrama theory and Practice
Progress in Psychotherapy⊗*, 1956, 149-161.
This was a review of the theory and techniques of psychodrama. Much less
extensive than "Acting In" this is still a very good compact
introduction into the world of psychodrama. Talks about how adaptable and
flexible psychodrama is and that although there is great focus on the
individual the main purpose of psychodrama is on the group process
and that a good leader should be able to tap in on this to further the
therapeutic process of the whole group. A good basic beginning article.
2. Dix, Dorothea, ⊗4Role playing in nursing education in the psychiatric field.⊗*
In ↓_Group_↓ ↓_Psychotherapy_↓, 1962, 15,251-255.
This nursing teacher talks about how she employed psychodrama with her
student nurses so that they could resolve common problems they all had
with patients. The nurses role played each other and the patients,
trying many different approaches on the patient to combat the problem.
Interesting article showing the flexibility of psychodrama and its
utility in the world and society. The nursing teacher praised this
method because it got people emotionally involved in the learning process.
3. Leah, F., ⊗4Psychodrama in the treatment of disciplinary problems.⊗* In
↓_Group_↓ ↓_Psychotherapy_↓, 1962,15, 147-153.
Talks about the use of psychodrama to resolve conflicts between teacher
and student, especially disciplinary problems that are judged infringements.
Gave an example of a conflict between a particular teacher and student
and other teachers acted this out trying different tactics. Similar to
nursing article showing the versatality of psychodrama especially in
problem solving.
4. Harper, Edwin, ⊗4Role playing in the training of counselors.⊗* In
↓_Group_↓ ↓_Psychotherapy_↓, 1961, 14, 129-137.
Paper describes two uses of role playing with school teachers in India
and Lebanon as a means of arousing teachers to the need of better
guidance and as a means of giving a minimal orientation in techniques
of counseling. Did role playing of counseling situations and then had
discussion which led from the particular psychodrama to general principles
of counseling. Also listened to tape recordings of interchanges between
"client and counselor". Discussion followed when people talked of how
they felt after each interchange. Okay article showing that psychodrama
works for other cultures as well as our own.
5. Lippitt, R., and Hubbell, A., ⊗4Role playing for personnel and guidance
workers: Review of the literature with suggestions for applications.⊗* In
↓_Group_↓ ↓_Psychotherapy_↓, 1956, 9, 89-114.
Purpose of paper was to summarize the research and literature in
role playing most relevant to personnel and guidance workers. First
section of paper deals with uses of role playing such as changing
attitudes and behavior, improving interpersonal relations, developing
spontaneity, helping individual with conflicts and stimulating group
participation, for example. Second part of paper deals with suggestions
for successful applications of role playing for the director such as
planning the session to include needs of group members, introducing
episode informally, recruiting players and making them fill at ease,
getting actors into their roles, cutting and recasting, bringing out
aims of episode, helping group discuss or replay, and leading a post
discussion. Excellent article about the wonders of role play and
actual hints on how to carry it out. Highly recommended.
6. Kelly, J.G., Blake, R.R., and Stromberg, C.E., ⊗4The effect of role
training on role reversal.⊗* ↓_Group Psychotherapy_↓, 1957, 10, 95-104.
Research article which looks at the effect of practice in role training
on spontaneity and ease in taking new roles. Very technical and sort
of boring article. If the reader is really interested in it the summary
would be reccommended since it is short, concise, and easier to understand.
Basic hypothesis was only partially substantiated.
7. Mann, John, and Mann, Carola, ⊗4The effect of role playing experience on
role playing ability.⊗* In ↓_Sociometry_↓, 1959,22,64-74.
Very similar to article above. Another research article, this one is
easier to understand. The effect of role playing experience on role
playing ability was measured in terms of ratings made by an audience,
other role players, self ratings, judges listening to a tape, and ratings
made by observers in a situational test and judges assessment of the
number of roles taken by group members in a situational test. Findings
were that a significant increase in role playing ability was found on
all these measures supporting the hypothesis.
8. Peters, George, and Phelan, J.G., ⊗4Practical group psychotherapy and role
playing for the industrial supervisor.⊗* In ↓_Group Psychotherapy_↓, 12,143-147.
Very early article suggesting the implementation of an intensive
industrial role playing technique to provide a specific industrially
oriented type of "dynamic reconstructive learning process". Talks about
how this would be economically feasible providing desired practical
psychotherapy for the industrial supervisor. This, of course, would
mean higher productivity, better industrial relations, better morale and
attitudes without the expense of long termness of more traditional
psychotherapies. Interesting article.
9. Barbour, Anton, ⊗4The self disclosure aspect of the psychodrama sharing
session.⊗* In ↓_Group Psychotherapy_↓.
Talks about how psychodrama is not only for the protagonist but is
especially for the group (participants and audience) as a whole.
Group members vicariously work out some of their problems by relating
to psychodramatic experience of the protagonist and the sharing
session lends to integration of the action of the protagonist with his
own experience. Talks about how important sharing and self disclosure
is to a group since barriers come down, cohesiveness grows, and
annonyminity diminishes and insight occurs. The sharing session is the
"clothing or dressing" of the protagonist by each group member. Article
is extremely worth while since it also gives guidelines for director
for the sharing session. For example, sharing should not be intelletual
or evaluative, and sharing should be urged but not required. Could be
used in all group settings and not just psychodrama. Highly recommended.
10. Armstrong, Renate, and Schur, David, ⊗4Warm-up techniques in a married
couples group.⊗* In ↓_Group Psychotherapy_↓, 1971.
Article was quite poor and I was bored with it. Dealt with purpose
of the warm up period to elicit cohesion, empathy, spontaneity,
ventilation and action in a group. Talked about certain techniques
used such as talking to neighbor, saying what you did on vacation, verbal
go round, etc. in a married couples group and in a hospital setting
using patients. Shallow article which did not really get into the spirit
of the techniques at all.
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⊗4↓_Books_↓⊗*
1. Blatner, Howard, ⊗4Acting In:Practical Applications of Psychodramatic
Method.⊗* Springer Publishing Co. New York, 1973.
I found that it was the best book on the subject. I read it twice
through and I would use it as my bible rather than Moreno if I were
doing psychodrama regularly. Talks about the basic elements of Psychodrama
in detail such as the warm up, action, sharing, retrying, closing, etc.
Goes into the purpose for each and talks about all the separate parts
of it such as the director's function, functions of protagonist,
antagonist, doubles, audience members, etc. Also tells about specific
techniques used in warm up for example. Simply a tremendous text that
is easy and enjoyable to read and filled with specific knowledge about
psychodrama.
2. Greenberg, Ira, ⊗4Psychodrama: Theory and Practice⊗*. Behavioral Publications,
New York, 1974.
Very good book giving the reader a complete overview on the phenomenon
of psychodrama. The book tells of its beginning and history and then
goes on to describe the specifics in detail. It then goes on to describe
how psychodrama can be used in therapeutic treatment individually and in
group. Finally, it compares the theory to other psychological theories
and therapies. The book is a series of articles by famous people and
well worth reading.
3. Moreno, J.L., ⊗4Psychodrama⊗*: Volume 3. Beacon House Publishers,
New York, 1969.
Recomended only if you want to see how Moreno works as a director.
Book contains case histories of psychodramas done in full manuscript
with a disscussion afterwards by Moreno. Interesting was the psychodrama
done by a engaged couple to work out some premarital conflicts. As a
whole it was an interesting book.
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⊗4↓_Experience_↓⊗*
I went to see and participate in an actual psychodrama directed by
Vic Lovell at ⊗4Prometheus⊗* in Palo Alto. I was very disappointed in his
directing because after the action and the sharing there was no follow
up to try new behaviors so I felt there was no closure on the psychodrama.
However, it was an interesting experience to see how one is done professionally
with a stage, lighting, music, and other props. It runs every Friday
evening at 8:30 to midnight at ⊗4Prometheus⊗* and I would recommend it for the
experience of watching one.